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The findings indicated that mainly restraint stress and to a lesser extent maternal deprivation stress can modify constitutive and induced expression levels of CYP3A, CYP2C, CYP2D and CYP1A at an extent that could affect a drugs pharmacokinetic profile ( It is well documented that the stress-mediated effect on each particular CYP gene is stress-specific involving various mechanisms, such as transcriptional regulation by ligand-activated nuclear receptors including PXR (pregnane X receptor), CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) and AhR (aromatic hydrocarbon receptor) ( genes , the stress-system effectors, epinephrine and norepinephrine released from adrenal medulla and glucocorticoids released from adrenal cortex, hold central roles by activating major signal transduction pathways in the liver, such as the AR/cAMP/PKA, JNK, growth hormone (GH)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 and Glucocorticoid/GR-linked pathways

Ruefli AA, Bernhard D, Tainton KM, Kofler R, Smyth MJ, Johnstone RW

Ranveer RC, Patil SN, Sahoo AK

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